Many natural stone monuments have suffered from serious damages that due to natural weathering, pollution and other factors of deterioration and using insufficient maintenance of susceptible materials or inappropriate conservation. Considerable attention has been paid in recent years to the decay of carbonate building stones [Limestone and Marble] especially in aggressive polluted environments, moreover, color changes, patina, blacking of rock's surfaces in monuments and associated phenomena practically always have been related to other environmental factors of deterioration. The aim of this research is to study and investigate the different deterioration factors affecting Amman citadel either chemically physically or biologically resulted from the different effects of air pollution using some scientific techniques and using methods to achieve this aim such as XRD, Stereo microscope, ICP-OES techniques and some other electronic instruments”. All investigation and specific measurements proved that our case study suffered and still suffering from many deterioration aspects resulting from several deterioration factors and mechanisms either physical or chemical such as Crustation, Crystallization, dirties accumulations and other deterioration forms, that essentially due to many sources of air pollution either stationary, mobile or anthropogenic sources. Finally, we can define the effective methods, materials and preservation measurements for restoring and maintaining the monument under study, which require cooperation of monuments owners, archaeologists, scientists and restorers.