DISEASES OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Surgical diseases
VASCULAR DISEASES OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
Stroke
Definition
Cerebral infarction
INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE
Cerebral hemorrhage
Locations
Causes
Morphology
Peticheal
Massive
Sites
Effects
Meningeal hemorrhage
Extradural or epidural hemorrhage
Subdural hemorrhage
Subarachnoid
Causes
Cerebral edema
Definition
Clinical features
Causes
Types
Vasogenic edema
Subtypes of vasogenic edema
Hydrostatic cerebral edema
Cerebral edema from brain tumors
High altitude cerebral edema (HACE)
Cytotoxic edema
Osmotic edema
Interstitial edema
Interstitial edema
CEREBRAL ANEURYSMS
Types
Congenital aneurysms (Berry aneurysms)
Etiology
Mycotic aneurysms
Atherosclerotic aneurysm
Effects of cerebral aneurysms
Vascular malformations
Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
Cavernous malformation (cavernous angioma)
Capillary telangiectasis
Arteriovenous aneurysm
Effects
Normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Production and circulation
HYDROCEPHALUS
Definition
Causes
Increased CSF production
Obstrution of CSF flow
Congenital causes
Acquired causes
Decreased CSF drainage or absorption
Congenital and acquired causes
Types
Communicating hydrocephalus
Non-communicating hydrocephalus
Clinical features of hydrocephalus
Features of ↑ ICT
Other symptoms
Increased intracranial tension (↑ICT)
Aetiology, symptoms and effects
Tentorial herniation
Tonsillar herniation
Normal cells of CNS
TUMOURS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
WHO classifications of tumors of the Central Nervous System and comparisons between old and recent ones
The International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O Coding)
GLIOMAS
Classification of Gliomas
By type of cells
By grade
WHO grading system
By location
Astrocytomas
Etiopathogenesis
Types of Astrocytomas
Pilocytic astrocytoma (WHO Grade I)
Fibrillary astrocytoma (WHO Grade II)
Anaplastic astrocytoma (WHO Grade III)
Glioblastoma multiforme (WHO Grade IV)
Age, six, site and behavior for each
Pathological features for each (gross and microscopic)
Clinical feature for each
GLIOMATOSIS CEREBRI
Oligodendroglioma
Age, Sites, behavior and Pathological Features; Gross and Microscopic
Oligoastrocytoma
Ependymoma
Sites, signs and symptoms
Pathological Features; Gross and Microscopic
Myxopapillary ependymoma
Subependymoma
MEDULLOBLASTOMA
Sites, signs and symptoms and behavior
Pathogenesis of Medulloblastoma
Pathological Features; Gross and Microscopic
MENINGIOMA
Sites, signs and symptoms and behavior
Pathological Features; Gross and Microscopic
Types
Benign meningioma WHO grade I
Meningothelial (syncytial) meningioma
Fibroblastic meningioma
Transitional (mixed) meningioma
Angiomatous, Hemangioblastic, and Angioblastic meningioma
Psammomatous meningiomas
Atypical meningioma WHO grade II
Anaplastic meningioma WHO grade III
Prognosis of meningiomas
INTRACRANIAL METASTATIC TUMORS
Sites and origin
Effects of intracranial tumors