Introduction: Main frames Mini Computers and Microcomputers - Microprocessors: Microprocessors building blocks – ALU Register and Buses – Microprocessors- microcomputers and Microcontrollers -Assembly language versus High Level Languages – Advanced Microprocessors Structures - The 80 x 86 family: 8086 Architecture 8086 Registers – The 80 x 86 instruction set Data memory addressing modes 80 x 86 instruction Groups – Data movement Instructions – Control Transfer Instructions - Arithmetic Instructions – Logic Instructions - Stack Instructions – String primitive ( basic ) Instructions – Miscellaneous Instructions – Assembler Directive - Microcomputer DOS Functions- INT 21- Function calls - standard input I output - File Handle Disk Access –INT 10 functional calls – display functions – interfacing: Analog Interfacing – A/D - D/A - Digital Interfacing: transistor drivers, opt-couplers - Handshaking-interfacing-Examples.