Background: Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is a frequent cause of male infertility, and microsurgical testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) is an effective technique for sperm retrieval in NOA cases. While the use of hormone stimulation is recommended in cases of secondary hypogonadism, there is still debate surrounding its practice in men with NOA and primary hypogonadism prior to attempting surgical sperm retrieval. ...
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