All thin film solar cells require the use of transparent conductive electrodes such as indium tin oxide (ITO) due to its unique combination of transparency, high conductivity, durability, and favourable surface properties. Indium, however, is a rare and expensive metal; proposed large-area installations of photovoltaic (PV) cells will add further strain to global indium supply. Transparent conductive materials that are ... إقراء المزيد