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INTRODUCTION Epidemiology incidence * patella fractures account for 1% of all skeletal injuries demographics * male to female 2:1 * most fractures occur in 20-50 year olds Mechanism of injury direct impact injury occurs from fall or dashboard injury * causes failure in compression indirect eccentric contraction occurs from rapid knee flexion against contracted quads muscle * causes failure in ... إقراء المزيد

Introduction There are three main causes of intoeing including * femoral anteversion (this topic) * metatarsus adductus (infants) * internal tibial torsion (toddlers) Femoral anteversion is characterized by * increased anteversion of the femoral neck relative to the femur * compensatory internal rotation of the femur * lower extremity intoeing Epidemiology demographics * seen in early childhood (3-6 years) * ... إقراء المزيد

Introduction Overview * common cause of heel pain * thought to be an overuse injury of the calcaneal apophysis in a growing child Epidemiology commonly seen in immature athletes participating in running & jumping sports * frequently seen just before or during peak growth Mechanism * exact etiology is unknown * thought to be due to traction apophysitis and repetitive ... إقراء المزيد