Nanobubbles (NBs) have potential properties, are environmentally friendly, and are sustainable to be used in a variety of applications: industries, agriculture, medical technology, and engineering applications such as water/wastewater treatment. This paper focuses on improving the characteristics of municipal secondary effluent (SE) utilizing oxygen bubbles (OBs), conventional coarse air bubbles (ABs), oxygen nanobubbles (ONBs), and air nanobubbles (ANBs). NBs were ... Read more

One of the most important issues and challenges nowadays in Egypt is how to provide enough water for current and future needs. The great population growth, agricultural consumption, climate change, limited freshwater resources, and welfare lifestyle require more water. All these factors push the Egyptian policy to search for additional water resources. One of the considerable water resources is the ... Read more

Egypt's limited water resources and rising water demand are critical to the country's economy and food security. This predicament encouraged the development of non-traditional water resources in order to bridge the gap between supply and demand for water. treated wastewater (TWW) reuse for irrigation is a viable alternative for closing this gap and conserving traditional water resources for residential and ... Read more