ABSTRACT: _The urban roads in Upper Egypt suffer from sewage-related issues due to the prolonged accumulation of wastewater—often exceeding 24 hours—on asphalt surfaces. Such exposure accelerates the deterioration of pavement layers, particularly in areas with limited drainage systems, high groundwater levels, and frequent leakage from aging sewage networks. Despite several studies addressing moisture damage in asphalt mixtures, limited evidence exists ... إقراء المزيد