Diseases of the Endocrine System
PITUTARY GLAMD
Normal embryology and anatomy
Normal pituitary cell types
Hyperpituitarism and Hypopituitarism
Pathogenesis
Posterior pituitary syndromes
Pituitary adenomas
General features
Size, spread, and grading
Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic features
Adenoma types
Gonadotroph cell adenoma
Null cell adenoma
Growth hormone-producing adenoma
Prolactin-secreting adenoma
Corticotroph adenoma
TSH-producing adenoma
Plurihormonal adenoma
Ectopic pituitary adenoma
Ectopic pituitary adenoma
Mixed pituitary adenoma–gangliocytoma
Pituitary carcinoma
Rathke cleft cyst
Lymphocytic hypophysitis
Craniopharyngioma
Metastatic tumors
THYROID GLAND
Physiology
Histology
Normal thyroid tissue
Congenital abnormalities
Thyroglossal duct anomalies
Branchial pouch anomalies
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Causes and pathogenesis
Cretinism
Myxedema
Thyroiditis
Classification
Acute thyroiditis
Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (Giant cell thyroiditis; DeQuervain's disease)
Etiology
Gross Pathology
Microscopic Pathology
Palpation thyroiditis
Tuberculosis
Sarcoidosis
Mycoses
Postoperative necrotizing granulomas
Autoimmune (lymphocytic and Hashimoto) thyroiditis
Definition
Etiology
Incidence
Gross picture
Microscopic picture
Effects
(Painless) silent thyroiditis
Riedel's thyroiditis
Clinically
Gross picture
Microscopic picture
Effects and Complications
Multifocal sclerosing thyroiditis
Hyperplasia
Major types of thyroid hyperplastic disorders
Dyshormonogenetic goiter
Graves’ disease; (diffuse toxic goiter)
Nodular hyperplasia
Endemic goiter
Sporadic goiter
Goiter
Definition
Types of goiter
Simple goiter
Definition
Thyroid enlargement with no thyroid hyperfunction
Causes
Pathogenesis
Types of simple goiter
Complications of simple goiter
Diffuse parenchymatous goiter
Pathogenesis
Grossly
Microscopically
Diffuse colloid goiter
Pathogenesis
Grossly
Microscopically
Multinodular goiter (colloid nodular goiter)
Pathogenesis
Grossly
Microscopically
Toxic goiter
Definition
Types
Other names: exospheric goiter / diffuse toxic goiter
Etiology
Incidence
Gross features
Microscopic features
Clinical features and complication
Thyroid tumors
Types
Epithelial tumors – specific types
Follicular thyroid adenoma
Thyroid carcinoma
Follicular thyroid adenoma
Definition
Genetic pathology of thyroid tumors of follicular cells
Grossly
Microscopic picture
Complications
Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma and related lesions
Thyroid carcinoma
Definition
Incidence
Geographic distribution
Predisposing factors
Microscopic types
Thyroid neoplasia in childhood
Papillary carcinoma
Grossly
Microscopic features
Electron microscopic features
Histochemical and immunohistochemical features
Molecular genetic features
Variants of papillary carcinoma
Spread and metastasis
Prognosis of papillary carcinoma
Follicular carcinoma
Generalities and molecular genetic features
Follicular carcinoma subtypes
Hürthle cell (oncocytic) tumors
Clinicopathologic features
Clear cell tumors
Squamous cell, mucinous, and related tumors
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Poorly differentiated carcinoma
Undifferentiated carcinoma; anaplastic carcinoma
Medullary Carcinoma and related neuroendocrine lesions
Morphologic features
Cytologic features
Electron microscopic, histochemical, and immunohistochemical features
Hereditary medullary carcinoma and C-cell hyperplasia
Spread and metastasis
Prognosis of medullary carcinoma
Other neuroendocrine tumors
Medullary (C-cell) adenoma
Mixed medullary–follicular carcinoma
Mixed medullary–papillary carcinoma
Paraganglioma
Small cell (neuroendocrine) carcinoma
Epithelial tumors – general features
Thyroid neoplasia and radiation exposure
Familial incidence and association with other conditions
Evaluation of the solitary thyroid nodule
Core needle biopsy and fine needle aspiration
Frozen section
Presence of thyroid tissue outside gland
Lymphoid tumors and tumor-like conditions
Primary malignant lymphoma
Plasmacytoma
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Mesenchymal tumors
Benign mesenchymal tumors
Sarcomas
Other primary tumors and tumor-like conditions
Teratomas
Neuroblastomas
Amyloidosis
Malakoplakia and Wegener granulomatosis
Thymic and branchial pouch-derived tumors
Metastatic tumors
PARATHYROID GLAND
Normal gross anatomy and embryology
Normal histology
Normal physiology
Parathyroid Adenoma
Gross features
Microscopic features
Electron microscopic features
Histochemical and immunohistochemical features
Molecular genetic features
Variants of parathyroid adenoma
Chief cell hyperplasia
Water-clear cell hyperplasia
Parathyroid Carcinoma
Prognosis
Hyperparathyroidism
Primary
Other names: Osteitis fibrosa cystica OR Von Reckling housen`s disease
Etiology
Pathology
Effects
Secondary
Tertiary
Differential diagnosis
Hypoparathroidism
Clinical features and effects
ADRENAL GLAND
Normal anatomy
Heterotopia
Zones of the adrenal cortex
Biopsy and cytology
Lesions of adrenal cortex
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Acquired hyperplasia
Adrenocortical tumors
Adenoma
Carcinoma
Clinical features
Morphological features
Electron microscopic, histochemical, immunohistochemical
Molecular genetic features
Effects
Functional manifestations
Aldosteronism
Adrenal cortex hyper-function
Etiology
Cushing syndrome
Adrenogenital syndrome
Adrenal cortex hypo-function
Acute adrenal insufficiency
Etiology
Effect
Chronic adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease)
Tumors of adrenal gland
Tumors of adrenal cortex
Epithelial
Adenoma
Mesenchymal: Fibroma, neurofibroma, lipoma and haemangioma
Adrenocortical carcinoma
Lesions of adrenal medulla
Tumors of adrenal medulla
Neuroblastoma
Clinical features
Morphological features
Electron microscopic, histochemical, immunohistochemical
Molecular genetic features
Effects
In situ, regressing, and maturing neuroblastoma
Spread and metastases
Prognosis
Ganglioneuroblastoma
Ganglioneuroma
Adrenal medullary hyperplasia
Pheochromocytoma
Clinical features
Morphological features
Electron microscopic, histochemical, immunohistochemical
Molecular genetic features
Effects
Spread and metastases
Prognosis
Specific paraganglioma types
Metastatic tumor
ENDOCRINE PANCREAS
Diabetes mellitus
Definition
Types
Primary or Idiopathic
Type I or IDDM (Insulin dependent DM)
Type II or NIDDM (Non-insulin-dependent MD)
Etiology
Pathological features
Gross Picture
Microscopically
Complications
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy
Cardiovascular complications (diabetic microangiopathy or vasculopathy)
Diabetic retinopathy
Respiratory system complications
Peripheral neuritis (diabetic neuropathy):
Skin complications
Insulinoma
Gastrinoma
