This knowledge area consists of those skills and concepts that are essential to programming practice independent of the underlying paradigm and programming language. Specific topics covered include: an overview of algorithms and problem-solving (problem solving strategies, role of algorithms in the problem- solving process, etc), fundamental programming constructs (variables, types, expressions, simple I/O, conditional and iterative control structures, functions, recursion, pointers, etc.). The study of programming language features and programming paradigms. Control, run-time environments, and semantics are examples of procedural, functional, logical, and object oriented programming. In practice the programming language used is ANSI-C, the syntax aspect of language and some pragmatic aspects such as comparison of interpreters and compilers and language translation phases must be studied in laboratory