Pathology
Definitions & terminologies
Disease, Patient
Medical pathology
Anatomical pathology; surgical pathology, cytopathology and forensic pathology
Clinical pathology; clinical chemistry, clinical hematology/blood banking and clinical microbiology
Curriculum of Pathology:
General pathology: Cell injury, adaptations to cell injury, and cell death.
Inflammation, the body's means of responding to and repairing of injury, wound healing, diseases of the immune system (immunopathology).
Tissue response to microbial infection, granulomatous and parasitic diseases, hemodynamic disorders or circulatory disturbances, and neoplasia.
Special pathology or systemic pathology, studying diseases of different organs in body systems as diseases of the cardiovascular (CVS), diseases of the upper respiratory system & lung, diseases of gastrointestinal tract (GIT), diseases of heptobiliary system & pancreas, diseases of genitourinary tract (GU); kidney, urinary passages & male genital system, diseases of the female genital tract (FGS), diseases of the breast, diseases of the endocrine organs, diseases of bone, joints & soft tissue, diseases of the central nervous system (CNS); brain, spinal cord & diseases of peripheral nervous system, diseases of the skin (dermatopathology), and diseases of the head & neck.
Pathologists: anatomical pathologist.
Definition: of disease
Etiology: causes, origin of disease, factors which produce or predispose to certain disease or disorder
“The etiology is unknown”
Precipitating factors: factors associated with onset of disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of disease
Pathogenesis: mechanism by which the etiological factors cause the disease
Types of pathogenesis include microbial infection, inflammation, malignancy, immunological disorders, tumor
Pathological features: These includes
Gross pathology: naked eye examination, e.g. change in size, shape, color, consistency…etc
Microscopic pathology or histopathology: Refers to microscopic manifestations of the disease on the cells and tissues
It is defined by light microscopic examination of stained slide tissue sections; Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), special stains; as PAS, Masson trichrome, Oil Red O, and immunohistochemistry. Special microscopic study: electron microscopy; E.M.& immunoflourcence microscopy
Lesion: Any pathological or traumatic discontinuity of the tissue or loss of function of a part
Clinical picture: that includes Symptoms and Signs
Course: regressive or progressive
Regressive course, morbidity and mortality
Progressive course: complications
Clinical significance
Complications
Prognosis: forecast to the probable outcome of an attack or disease
Fate: The end result of the disease
Types of referred pathological specimens
Biopsy: specimens may be
Punch biopsy: like endoscopic biopsy
Core biopsy: from liver, kidney, lung, usually under sonar guided, or C.T
Incision biopsy: surgically obtained part of the lesion
Excision biopsy: surgical excision of the whole lesion
Radical specimen: as mastectomy; removal of the breast with axillary lymph nodes, and hysterectomy; removal of the uterus with fallopian tubes and ovaries
Autopsy: Examination of tissue obtained from dead bodies
Frozen section examination
Cytology: Body fluid examination; examples: Sputum, Discharge, Lavage fluid, Wash and brush cytology, Touch imprint cytology, Fine needle aspiration cytology(FNAC),or biopsy(FNAB), Cervico-vaginal smear(PAP –smear), Bone marrow aspirate
Overall Aims or Objectives of the Course