Overview Normal gut microbiota influences the well-being of the host by contributing to its nutrition, metabolism, physiology, and immune function [1]. Disturbance of normal gut microbiota (dysbiosis) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse illnesses such as obesity [2], type 2 diabetes [3], inflammatory bowel disease [4] and cardio vascular disease [5]. Quantitative and qualitative alterations in gut microbiota ... إقراء المزيد

INTRODUCTION Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health burden with a high economic cost to health systems and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD)[1]. Pulmonary hypertension (PHT) is a common co-morbidity in patients with CKD and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) [2]. PH is associated with increased risk of hospitalization and mortality in patients with CKD [3].Several ... إقراء المزيد