oBjectives: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) has been the third leading cause of hospital-acquired renal failure. Patients with cardiac diseases are particularly at risk especially when repeated injections of contrast media are often required. CIN is generally defined as an increase in serum creatinine concentration of ≥0.5 mg/dL (≥44 μmol/L) or 25% above baseline within 48 hours after contrast administration. The aim ... إقراء المزيد