Azoospermiacouldbeeithernonobstructiveazoospermia(NOA)orobstructive azoospermia (OA).Clinical assessment (testis consistency&volume),laboratory testing(FSH),andgenetictesting (karyotype, Y chromosome microdeletion,orspecificgenetic testing for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) are used to distinguish NOA (which includes primaryand secondarytesticular failure)from OA.Thetreatment of NOA is still empirical. For hypogonadotropichypogonadism, gonadotropintherapyistheonly particular indication that consistently improves semen analysisandratesofconception. Thetypicaltreatmentconsists of gonadotropins (hCG and rFSH) combined, with GnRH therapy maintained for non-responders. Although there is apaucity of level ... Read more