Azoospermia can arise from pre-testicular or testicular causes affecting spermatogenesis or from post-testicular obstructions with complete spermatogenesis present in histopathology (Jow et al., 1993). Pre-testicular causes involve defects in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland leading to impaired FSH and/or LH production, resulting in secondary testicular spermatogenic failure. Primary spermatogenic failure, which is not due to hypothalamic-pituitary issues, presents as severe ...
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