CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCES
HYPEREMIA
Types
Physiological
Pathological
VENOUS CONGESTION
(Passive Hyperemia)
Definition
Types
General
Local
GENERAL VENOUS CONGESTION
Acute General Venous Congestion
Chronic General Venous Congestion
Causes
Pathology
General effects
General effects
Cardiac edema: definition, causes, sites and characters of edema
Local Effects
Gross and microscopic pictures and clinical features
Liver, lung, spleen, kidney, stomach and intestine
LOCAL VENOUS CONGESTION
Definition
Acute Local Venous Congestion
Causes and pathology
Chronic Local Venous Congestion
Causes and pathology
Examples of Chronic local venous congestion
EDEMA
Definition
Causes of edema
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Decrease colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma
Increased capillary permeability
Lymphatic obstruction
Sodium and water retention
Classification of edema
Localized edema
Generalized edema (anasarca)
Soft edema (pitting)
LOCALIZED OEDEMA
Inflammatory edema
Obstructive edema
Venous obstruction
Lymphatic obstruction
Venous obstruction
Lymphatic obstruction
GENERALIZED EDEMA
Cardiac edema
Renal edema
Nephritic edema
Nephrotic edema
Occurs in nephrotic syndrome as in membranous glomerulonephritis and renal
Nutritional edema
Pathological features of edema: Subcutaneous tissue, lung, brain, serous cavities
Differences between exudate and transudate
THROMBOSIS
Definition
Formation of a compact mass composed of the elements of the circulating blood inside a vessel or a heart cavity during life. This compact
mass is called thrombus
Causes of thrombosis: Virchow’s triad
Endothelial injury
Stasis or turbulence of the blood flow
Blood hypercoagulability
Mode of formation and types of thrombi
Pale thrombus (platelet thrombus
Mixed thrombus
Propagating thrombus
Classification of thrombi
Color
Pale thrombus
Red thrombus
Mixed thrombus
Presence or absence of bacteria
Infected thrombus
Non infected thrombus (aseptic)
Sites of thrombus formation
Thrombosis in veins
Thrombophlebitis
Septic thrombophlebitis
Aseptic throinbophlebitis
Phlebothrombosis
Thrombosis in arteries
Thrombosis in the heart
Mural thrombi
Vegetations
Auricular thrombi
Agonal thrombi
Thrombosis in capillaries
Fate of the thrombus
Septic thrombus
Aseptic thrombus
Organization
Organization and canalization
Dystrophic calcification
Detachment
Propagating thrombus
Clot
Definition
Post-mortem clots
Types
Red or currant jelly clot
Yellow or chicken fat clot
Difference between thrombus and clot
EMBOLISM
Embolus and embolism
Sites of Embolism
Systemic arteries
Pulmonary arteries
Intrahepatic branches of the portal vein
Types of Emboli
Detached thrombi and vegetations
Tumor emboli
Parasitic emboli as bilharzial ova
Air emboli
Fat emboli
Clumps of bacteria
Amniotic fluid emboli
Course of emboli of thrombotic origin (thrombo-embolism)
Effect of emboli of thrombotic origin
Depends upon
Size of the embolus
Nature of the embolus, septic or aseptic
State of the collateral circulation in the affected organ
Aseptjc embolism
Septic embolus
Air Embolism
Fat Embolism
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
PULMONARY EMBOLISM
Sources of the Embolus
Effects
Big embolus
Medium sized embolus
Small sized emboli
ISCHAEMIA
Definition
Sudden ischemia (acute ischemia)
Causes and effects
Gradual ischemia (chronic ischemia)
INFARCTION
Definition and causes of infarction
General features of the infarct
Gross picture
Red infarcts (hemorrhagic)
Pale infarcts
Liquefactive infarcts
Microscopic picture
Fate
Small infarct
Large infarct
General reactions
Infarcts in different organs
Kidney, spleen, heart, liver, intestine brain, and lung
HAEMORRHAGE
Definition
Causes of hemorrhage
Traumatic hemorrhage
Spontaneous hemorrhage
Types of hemorrhage
External hemorrhage
Epistaxis
Hemoptysis
Hematemesis
Melena
Hematuria
Menorrhagia
Metrorrhagia
Hemorrhage from the skin
Internal Hemorrhage
Hemothorax
Hemopericardium
Hemoperitoneum
Hematocele
Hemoarthrosis
Interstitial Hemorrhage
Petechial hemorrhage
Ecchymosis
Hematoma
Natural arrest of hemorrhage (hemostasis)
Effect of hemorrhage
Small amount
Small amount repeatedly (chronic hemorrhage)
Moderate amount
Massive amount
Postmortem picture of hemorrhage
SHOCK
Definition and clinical picture
Types
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
Causes and pathogenesis
CARDIOGENIC SHOCK
Causes and picture
SEPTIC (ENDOTOXIC) SHOCK
Causes and pathogenesis
Postmortum picture of shock
