PREFACE
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM?
1.1.1 The Operating System as an Extended Machine
1.1.2 The Operating System as a Resource Manager
1.2 HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
1.2.1 The First Generation (1945-55) Vacuum Tubes and Plugboards
1.2.2 The Second Generation (1955-65) Transistors and Batch Systems
1.2.3 The Third Generation (1965-1980) ICs and Multiprogramming
1.2.4 The Fourth Generation (1980-Present) Personal Computers
1.2.5 Ontogeny Recapitulates Phytogeny