Shiga toxin (STX) producing _Escherichia coli_ (STEC)__inhabit the ruminant gastrointestinal system without any clinical manifestation and serves as a source of STEC for human infections. Human infections are associated with severe clinical manifestations. Although antibiotics are effective against many bacterial infections, antibiotic treatment of STEC infection in humans leads to the aggravated clinical manifestations. In search of novel STEC control ... Read more

The Spike (S) gene encodes the S envelope glycoprotein and encoded by the amino-terminus S1 gene, and the carboxyl-terminus S2 gene (de Haan et al., 2004). The S1 gene contains 3 hypervariable regions (HVR) crucial for viral infectivity, with high rates of substitution and recombination due to the RNA nature of the virus (Moreno et al., 2017). The “quasispecies” concept, ... Read more

IBV, avian corona virus causes significant economic burdens on the Canadian poultry industry, with annual losses about $207 million due to decreased production IBV, 40 % lowered egg production in clinically healthy laying hens following 1 d-old chick experimental infection with Canadian DMV/1639 strain [Dr. Careem group, Viruses, 2021]. Read more

The findings reveal distinct patterns of COX-2 expression, PGE2 production, and immune responses associated with different IBV strains, highlighting the complexity of host-virus interactions. •IBV genome load and protein expression peaked at 12 and 24 hpi, respectively. •Conn A5968-infected TOCs exhibited continuous COX-2 expression for up to 24 hpi, extended PGE2 production up to 48 hpi, and reduced inflammatory cytokine ... Read more

Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) infection poses significant challenges to poultry health and production. This study investigates the modulation of inflammatory cell death pathways in IBV-infected macrophages through inhibiting either caspases or COX-2/PGE2 pathway. We measured intracellular and extracellular viral genome loads, cell viability, apoptosis, and necroptosis after infecting cells with two disparate IBV strains, respiratory Conn A5968 and nephropathogenic DMV/1639. ... Read more

this study, we investigated the localized pathogenesis of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in chicken tracheal organ cultures (TOCs), focusing on the role of inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2). Two divergent IBV strains, respiratory Connecticut (Conn) A5968 and nephropathogenic Delmarva (DMV)/1639, were studied at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-infection (hpi). Various treatments including exogenous prostaglandin (PGE)2, a selective COX-2 antagonist (SC-236), ... Read more

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) induces severe economic losses in chicken farms due to the emergence of new variants leading to vaccine breaks. The studied IBV strains belong to Massachusetts (Mass), Canadian 4/91, and California (Cal) 1737 genotypes that are prevalent globally. This study was designed to compare the impact of these three IBV genotypes on primary and secondary lymphoid organs. ... Read more

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a significant respiratory pathogen that affects chickens worldwide. As an avian coronavirus, IBV leads to productive infection in chicken macrophages. However, the effects of IBV infection in macrophages on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression are still to be elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the role of IBV infection on the production of COX-2, an enzyme involved in the ... Read more

The emergence of the Canadian Delmarva (DMV)/1639 infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) type strains was associated with egg production disorders in Eastern Canadian layer operations. While developing vaccines for novel IBV variants is not typically a reasonable approach, the consideration of an autogenous vaccine becomes more appealing, particularly when the new variant presents significant economic challenges. The current study aimed to ... Read more

Introduction • Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a coronavirus, that initially replicate in respiratory tract of chickens and ultimately reach reproductive, renal and lymphoid organs to establish a systemic infection. • The virus has the potential to persist in the cecal tonsils and maintain the viral shedding even when the respiratory tract has cleared the infection. The microbiome plays a ... Read more