Key content Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) was developed for couples at risk of transmitting a genetic disorder to their children. Before PGD, options available to these couples were remaining childless, prenatal diagnosis, gamete donation or adoption. Couples requesting PGD have in vitro fertilisation (IVF) to produce ... إقراء المزيد

Key content The symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) include menstrual cycle disturbance and features of hyperandrogenism(hirsutism, acne and alopecia), with associated fertility problems, obesity and psychological issues. There are ethnic variations in expression of PCOS related to differences in insulin metabolism and this may impact ... إقراء المزيد

Key content Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is the most effective treatment for symptoms of estrogen deficiency. When HRT is individually tailored women gain maximum advantages and the risks are minimised. Several types and regimens of HRT and different routes of delivery exist. Results from studies using ... إقراء المزيد

Key content An organised screening programme has reduced the incidence of cervical cancer in the UK. Cervical screening aims to detect and treat premalignant, low- or high-grade disease. Oncogenic or high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPV) account for over 99.7% of cervical cancer cases; the most common subtypes ... إقراء المزيد

Key content Hysteroscopic endometrial polyp removal appears to be superior to the current practice of blind avulsion. Outpatient treatment is safe, cost effective and well tolerated, even in older or nulliparous women. New technologies facilitate office hysteroscopy. Benign endometrial polyps can regress and rarely progress to ... إقراء المزيد

Key content The incidence and prevalence of uterine arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is difficult to determine because bleeding caused by uterine AVMs does respond to medical management and several of these may go undiagnosed. Fewer than 100 cases have been reported in the literature, but the increasing ... إقراء المزيد

Key content The rising trend in levels of advanced care for women in labour has prompted the recommendation for the development of safe and effective alternatives to regional analgesia. The most powerful influence on a woman’s satisfaction with pain relief appears to be the attitude and ... إقراء المزيد

Key content Adnexal masses are commonly identified in pregnancy but they are rarely malignant. Most adnexal masses either resolve spontaneously or can be managed conservatively during pregnancy. Pregnancy may alter the serum levels of tumour markers, making the interpretation of results difficult. Surgery in pregnancy is ... إقراء المزيد

Key content There have been a number of recent advances and an increase in the number of contraceptive methods available to perimenopausal women. Other relevant issues, including transition to and diagnosis of menopause, the use of hormone replacement therapy with contraception, and when to stop contraception, ... إقراء المزيد

An infertility evaluation is usually initiated after one year of regular unprotected intercourse in women under age 35 years and after six months of unprotected intercourse in women age 35 years and older. However, the evaluation may be initiated sooner in women with irregular menstrual cycles ... إقراء المزيد