Introduction Female pelvic anatomy can be a conceptual challenge. Understanding the anatomy helps in identifi cation, assessment, and management of pelvic fl oor pathology. To those dealing with disorders of the pelvic fl oor and to the reconstructive pelvic surgeon, knowledge of the functional anatomy is ... إقراء المزيد

The term " monitoring " means " close continuous observation ", so when we refer to monitoring an in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) cycle we mean close observation not only of a patient’s initial parameters and her own ovarian response to ovulation induction, but ... إقراء المزيد

The effect of waiting time for surgical staging on survival outcome for endometrial cancer is controversial. It has been suggested that a longer waiting time for surgical staging was associated with worse survival outcomes in uterine cancer43 and the delay between diagnosis and surgery should not ... إقراء المزيد

Key content Appendicitis in pregnancy is common. Whether to deliver a pregnant woman with appendicitis is a contentious issue. There are many uncertainties with diagnosis of appendicitis in pregnancy. Management of pregnant women with appendicitis requires a multidisciplinary approach involving obstetricians, anaesthetists and surgeons. Learning objectives ... إقراء المزيد

Key content Fibroids are the most common uterine growth and there is an increasing range of options for their management. Management options are affected by the woman’s symptoms, age, desire to conceive and local resources. Pharmacological agents are effective in alleviating symptoms and may improve women’s ... إقراء المزيد

Key content Torsion of the ovary, tube or both is estimated to be responsible for only a small number of all gynaecological emergencies, but is a common diagnostic challenge in the emergency setting. Diagnosis can be difficult and is mainly based on clinical symptoms and imaging ... إقراء المزيد

Key content Asthma is a common condition that affects ~10% of pregnant women. Pregnancy worsens asthma control in one-third of women, improves it in one-third and has no effect on one-third. Poor asthma control has adverse effects upon maternal and fetal outcomes. Good asthma management to ... إقراء المزيد

Key content Pregnancy results in various physiological skin changes. As a consequence, some common dermatoses can present more frequently in pregnant women. In addition, there are a number of skin eruptions unique to pregnancy. The aetiology of physiological skin changes in pregnancy is uncertain but is ... إقراء المزيد

Key content Squamous vulval cancer is a rare condition with a poorly understood aetiology. Two factors seem to have an important role; infection with human papilloma virus leading to vulva intraepithelial neoplasia and chronic inflammatory vulval dermatoses such as lichen sclerosus. Diagnosis based on biopsy and ... إقراء المزيد

Key content Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with neoplastic disease at sites other than the cervix. Cancer caused by HPV may behave differently to other cancers at the same site. The presence of HPV alone is not sufficient to demonstrate a causal association. HPV vaccination has ... إقراء المزيد