Pathology
Definitions & terminologies
Disease, Patient
Medical pathology
Anatomical pathology; surgical pathology, cytopathology and forensic pathology
Clinical pathology; clinical chemistry, clinical hematology/blood banking and clinical microbiology
Curriculum of Pathology
General pathology: Cell injury, adaptations to cell injury, and cell death
Inflammation, the body's means of responding to and repairing of injury, wound healing, diseases of the immune system (immunopathology)
Tissue response to microbial infection, granulomatous and parasitic diseases, hemodynamic disorders or circulatory disturbances, and neoplasia
Special pathology or systemic pathology, studying diseases of different organs in body systems as diseases of the cardiovascular (CVS), diseases of the upper respiratory system & lung, diseases of gastrointestinal tract (GIT), diseases of heptobiliary system & pancreas, diseases of genitourinary tract (GU); kidney, urinary passages & male genital system, diseases of the female genital tract (FGS), diseases of the breast, diseases of the endocrine organs, diseases of bone, joints & soft tissue, diseases of the central nervous system (CNS); brain, spinal cord & diseases of peripheral nervous system, diseases of the skin (dermatopathology), and diseases of the head & neck
Pathologists: anatomical pathologist
Definition: of disease
Etiology: causes, origin of disease, factors which produce or predispose to certain disease or disorder
“The etiology is unknown”
Precipitating factors: factors associated with onset of disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of disease
Pathogenesis: mechanism by which the etiological factors cause the disease.
Types of pathogenesis include microbial infection, inflammation, malignancy, immunological disorders, tissue breakdown and neoplasia
Pathogenesis of a disease is the mechanism by which the etiological factors cause disease
Types of pathogenesis include microbial infection, inflammation, malignancy, immunological disorders, tissue breakdown and neoplasia
Pathological features
Gross pathology: naked eye examination, e.g. change in size, shape, color, consistency…etc
Microscopic pathology or histopathology: Refers to microscopic manifestations of the disease on the cells and tissues
It is defined by light microscopic examination of stained slide tissue sections; Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), special stains; as PAS, Masson trichrome, Oil Red O, and immunohistochemistry. Special microscopic study: electron microscopy; E.M.& immunoflourcence microscopy
Lesion: Any pathological or traumatic discontinuity of the tissue or loss of function of a part
Clinical picture: that includes Symptoms and Signs
Course: regressive or progressive
Regressive course, morbidity and mortality
Progressive course: complications
Clinical significance
Complications
Prognosis: forecast to the probable outcome of an attack or disease
Fate: The end result of the disease
Types of referred pathological specimens
Biopsy: specimens may be:
Punch biopsy: like endoscopic biopsy.
Core biopsy: from liver, kidney, lung, usually under sonar guided, or C.T.
Incision biopsy: surgically obtained part of the lesion.
Excision biopsy: surgical excision of the whole lesion.
Radical specimen: as mastectomy; removal of the breast with axillary lymph nodes, and hysterectomy; removal of the uterus with fallopian tubes and ovaries.
Autopsy: Examination of tissue obtained from dead bodies.
Frozen section examination
Cytology: Body fluid examination; examples: Sputum, Discharge, Lavage fluid, Wash and brush cytology, Touch imprint cytology, Fine needle aspiration cytology(FNAC),or biopsy(FNAB), Cervico-vaginal smear(PAP –smear), Bone marrow aspirate.
Overall Aims or Objectives of the Course
