In the current study, we compared the therapeutic effects of a non-steroidal and a steroidal anti-inflammatory drug on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-12p40 (IL-12p40), interferon gamma (IFNγ), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the blood of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves naturally infected by bronchopneumonia. Twenty-seven buffalo calves (7±2-month-old,163±12kg) reared in smallholder farms in ... Read more

This study was carried out at the behavioural research Unit of Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Minufiya University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt. In this experiment, behavioural activities of buffalo calves were used in either tie stall or loose housing to evaluate housing systems comfort. Continuous observation methods were used to record the activity patterns of sixteen male buffalo calves during ... Read more

Sixteen yearling male buffalo calves weighing 160 kg were assigned to 2x2 factorial designs. Each four calf group was subjected to either long (16L:8D) or short (8L:16D) photoperiods and housed in individual or group system. The four groups were fed CFM and wheat straw. Feed intake and residual were recorded daily. Samples of feces and food ration were collected for ... Read more