Multiple marker screening uses a combination of maternal age and 2 or more biochemical tests, with or without an USS, to produce a single result for risk of Down syndrome, trisomy 18, and open neural tube defects (ONTDs). • A screen is positive when the risk ... إقراء المزيد

Key content Unexplained subfertility is diagnosed when standard investigations (tests for ovulation, tubal patency and semen analysis) are all normal. Between 30% and 40% of subfertile couples fall into this category. In some couples, unexplained subfertility may result from subtle undetectable factors; in other couples, it ... إقراء المزيد

Key content Vaginal wall prolapse is increasing in incidence with improvement in life expectancy. Conservative and surgical treatments exist. Treatment should be tailored to individual needs depending on prolapse symptoms, sexual function and co-existing medical conditions. Indications, expertise required and complications of different procedures should be ... إقراء المزيد

Key content Urinary incontinence (UI) affects up to 69% of the female population at some point in their lives but remains under-reported. There are three main types of UI: stress, urgency and mixed. It is recommended to try conservative approaches as first-line measures in the management ... إقراء المزيد

Key content Miscarriage is a common event in women of reproductive age,with an incidence of 10–20%. Traditionally, surgical evacuation of the uterus was the goldstandard for the management of miscarriage. Medical management of miscarriage using a suitable prostaglandin analogue is a safe and effective alternative with ... إقراء المزيد

Key content Assistedconceptiontechnology suchas in vitrofertilisation(IVF) is the first-line treatment of many causes of female subfertility and surgery is offered primarily to optimise the outcome of such treatments. An awareness and understanding of the evidence about the different surgical interventions used prior to assisted conception is ... إقراء المزيد

Key content Precocious puberty is defined as the development of secondary sexual characteristics before the age of 8 years in girls. It is divided into central (gonadotrophin-dependent) precocious puberty and peripheral (gonadotrophin-independent) precocious puberty. Variants of premature sexual development include isolated premature thelarche, premature pubarche and ... إقراء المزيد

Key content Heavy menstrual bleeding affects one in five premenopausalbwomen and can significantly impair quality of life. Management options for heavy menstrual bleeding are diverse andbinclude a variety of medical, radiological and surgical treatments. Surgical treatment options are endometrial ablation, hysterectomy and myomectomy. Treatment choice for ... إقراء المزيد

Anti Mullerian Hormone (AMH) is a glycoprotein belonging to the family of transforming growth factor-beta. The molecule has evolved in the last few decades for the assessment of ovarian reserve in females. Additionally this hormone has been found to be useful in predicting the success of ... إقراء المزيد

In the treatment of women with abnormal uterine bleeding, once a thorough history, physical examination, and indicated imaging studies are performed and all significant structural causes are excluded, medical management is the first-line approach. Determining the acuity of the bleeding, the patient’s medical history, assessing risk ... إقراء المزيد